西安市基层法律服务所条例
陕西省西安市人大常委会
西安市基层法律服务所条例
西安市人民代表大会常务委员会
（1996年8月30日西安市第十一届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十九次会议通过1996年11月2日陕西省第八届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十二次会议批准）
第一章 总 则
第一条 为适应经济建设和民主法制建设需要，加强对基层法律服务所的管理，发挥基层法律服务作用，根据本市实际，制定本条例。
第二条 本条例所称基层法律服务所，是指设在乡、镇、街道办事处辖区，为基层政权组织、群众自治组织、企业事业单位、其他组织和公民提供法律服务的中介组织。
本条例所称基层法律服务工作者，是指在基层法律服务所执业的人员。
第三条 基层法律服务所开展各项法律服务必须以事实为根据，以法律为准绳，恪守执业纪律和职业道德，维护当事人的合法权益，维护法律的正确实施。
第四条 市、区、县司法行政部门指导、管理和监督本辖区基层法律服务所的工作。
基层法律服务所所在地的乡、镇人民政府和街道办事处应当支持基层法律服务所的工作。
第二章 业务范围
第五条 基层法律服务所的业务范围是：
（一）接受聘请，担任法律顾问；
（二）接受民事、经济、行政案件当事人的委托，依法担任代理人，参加诉讼；
（三）接受当事人委托，担任代理人参加仲裁活动；
（四）接受当事人申请，主持调解纠纷；
（五）接受当事人委托，办理非诉讼法律事务；
（六）提供法律咨询、代写诉讼文书和其他法律事务文件；
（七）接受公证机关委托，协助办理有关公证事项；
（八）法律、法规允许的其他业务。
第六条 基层法律服务工作者受基层法律服务所的指派，担任法律顾问的职责是协助聘请方依法管理，依法经营，依法办事。
第七条 基层法律服务工作者受基层法律服务所的指派，担任民事、经济、行政案件代理人，参加诉讼活动的，应当支持委托人提出的合理要求，维护委托人的合法权益。
第八条 基层法律服务工作者受基层法律服务所的指派，主持调解经济和民事纠纷，应当有双方当事人的申请或者接受一方当事人申请后并征得另一方当事人同意。
法律、法规、规章规定必须由专门机关管辖处理的纠纷，人民法院和其他部门、组织已经受理和纠纷，基层法律服务所不得受理调解。
第九条 基层法律服务所开展业务，应当由基层法律服务所统一接受委托，与委托人签订书面合同，按规定标准收取费用。
第十条 基层法律服务所应当严格依法执业，不得超越业务范围开展业务；不得将业务委托给本所法律服务工作者以外的人员承办。
第三章 基层法律服务所的设立
第十一条 基层法律服务所必须具备以下条件：
（一）有三名以上的基层法律服务工作者；
（二）有必要的办公场所和设施；
（三）有三万元以上的资产；
（四）法律、法规规定的其他条件。
第十二条 基层法律服务所以其全部资产对其债务承担责任。
第十三条 基层法律服务所名称，由所在区、县和乡、镇或者街道办事处地名及法律服务所字样组成。
第十四条 设立基层法律服务所应当经拟设立地的乡、镇人民政府、街道办事处同意，由区、县司法行政部门审批。区、县司法行政部门应当在一个月内作出决定。符合条件的批准设立，发给执业证书，并报市司法行政部门备案。
第十五条 设在乡、镇的基层法律服务所，具备下列条件的，可以申请在本乡、镇区域内建立分所：
（一）成立满两年，资产在五万元以上的；
（二）有五名以上的基层法律服务工作者；
（三）至少有二名常年派驻的基层法律服务工作者。
第十六条 基层法律服务所设立分所，由区、县司法行政部门批准，报市司法行政部门备案。
第四章 基层法律服务工作者
第十七条 基层法律服务工作者必须具备以上条件：
（一）遵守宪法、法律和法规，热爱基层法律服务工作；
（二）具有法学大专以上学历或者具有政法工作、法学教学研究工作三年以上经历；
（三）品行良好；
（四）身体健康。
在市属县偏运地区的乡、镇具有法律中专或者高中以上文化程度并受过半年以上法律专业培训的人员，经市司法行政部门统一考试合格，同时符合前款（一）、（二）、（四）项条件的，可以在基层法律服务所执业。
第十八条 有下列情形之一的，不得从事基层法律服务工作：
（一）无民事行为能力或者限制民事行为能力的；
（二）受过刑事处罚的，但过失犯罪的除外；
（三）被开除公职的；
（四）被吊销律师执业证书或者被撤销专业职务任职资格的。
第十九条 基层法律服务工作者履行职责时，应持基层法律服务工作者执业证。
基层法律服务工作者申请执业证，由基层法律服务所同意，经区、县司法行政部门批准，报市司法行政部门统一核发。
第二十条 基层法律服务工作者依法承办各项法律服务业务，受法律保护。
第二十一条 基层法律服务工作者依法承办各项的需要，持基层法律服务所专用证明、委托协议和本人基层法律服务工作者执业证，可以依法查阅、摘录、复制与承办法律事务有关的卷宗和材料，经有关组织和个人同意，可以向他们调查、取证。
第二十二条 基层法律服务工作者对当事人坚持无理要求、隐瞒事实、提供虚假证据或者委托事项违法的，有权建议基层法律服务所拒绝接受或者解除委托、应聘关系。
第二十三条 基层法律服务工作者承办各项法律服务业务，应当遵守下列规定：
（一）不得私自接受委托和聘请，不得私自收取报酬、费用和财物，不利用服务之便牟取当事 争议的权益；
（二）不得同时在其他基层法律服务所执业，不得在同一诉讼案件中为双方当事人担任代理人；
（三）不得泄露国家秘密、当事人的商业秘密或者个人隐私；
（四）不得违反法庭、仲裁庭的规则和调解活动秩序，不得采取不正当手段对有关人员施加影响；
（五）不得超越职现权限。
第二十四条 基层法律服务工作者不得以律师及其他名义履行职责。
曾任法官、检察官的基层法律服务工作者从原机关离任两年内，不得代理当事人参加原机关的诉讼活动。
第五章 年检、注册与停业
第二十五条 基层法律服务所应当每年规定时限内，向原批准部门送交年度工作报告，申请年度检验。
第二十六条 基层法律服务所通过年度检验的，应当申请市司法行政部门对其执业人员的基层法律服务工作者执业证进行年度注册，未经年度注册的基层法律服务工作者执业证自行失效。
第二十七条 基层法律服务所有下列情形之一的，应当申请停业，由区、县司法行政部门批准，报市司法行政部门备案：
（一）未通过年度检验的；
（二）基层法律服务工作者少于三人的；
（三）连续六个月不开展业务的；
（四）法律、法规规定的其他情形。
第二十八条 基层法律服务所停业后，应当清结业务，清理财产和债权、债务，向区、县司法行政部门移交档案等资料。
第二十九条 基层法律服务所年度检验及基层法律服务工作者年度注册情况，统一由市司法行政部门公告。
第六章 法律责任
第三十条 违反本条例规定，擅自设立基层法律服务所或者未领取基层法律服务所执业证而开业的，由区、县司法行政部门予以取缔，没收非法所得，可以并处非法所得一倍以上三倍以下的罚款。
第三十一条 基层法律服务所违反本例第九条、第十条规定的，由区、县司法行政部门责令改正，没收非法所得，可以并处非法所得一倍以上三倍以下的罚款；情节严重的，责令停业一个月以上三个以下。
第三十二条 基层法律服务所违反本条例第二十七条规定的，由区、县司法行政部门责令停业，吊销执业证书，没收非法所得，可并处非法所得一倍以上五倍以下的罚款。
第三十三条 基层法律服务工作者违反本条例第十九条、第二十三条、第二十四条规定的，由区、县或者市司法行政部门分别予以警告；责令停止执业一个月以上三个月以下，没收非法所得，可以并处一百元以上一千元以下的罚款，情节严重的，可以吊销其基层法律服务工作者执业证
；构成犯罪的，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第三十四条 执行本条例规定的行政处罚，必须依照法律、法规的规定进行。处以责令停业、吊销执业证书或罚款金额在八百元以上的，当事人有要求举行听证的权利。
当事人对行政处罚决定不服的，可以依法申请复议或者提起诉讼。
第三十五条 基层法律服务所和基层法律服务工作者因违法执业或者工作过错给当事人造成损害的，应当依法承担赔偿责任。
第三十六条 妨碍、阻挠基层法律服务工作者履行职务的，由当事人所在单位或者上级主管机关给予行政处分；违反《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》的，由公安机关依法予以处罚；构成犯罪的，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第三十七条 司法行政部门工作人员执行本条例时滥用职权、玩忽职守、徇私舞弊的，由其所在单位或者上级主管机关给予行政处分；构成犯罪的，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第七章 附 则
第三十八条 基层法律服务业务收费，基层法律服务所年度检验费，基层法律服务工作者执业证年度注册费，按国家或省规定的标准执行。
第三十九条 本条例具体应用中的问题，由西安市人民政府负责解释。
第四十条 本条例自一九九七年三月一日起施行。
1996年11月2日
对外经济贸易部、国家工商行政管理局关于承包经营中外合资经营企业的规定(附英文)
对外贸易经济合作部 国家工商局
对外经济贸易部、国家工商行政管理局关于承包经营中外合资经营企业的规定(附英文)
1990年9月13日，对外经济贸易部、国家工商局
为了促进中外合资经营企业（以下简称“合营企业”）的正常发展，现对承包经营合营企业做如下规定：
一、承包经营的定义
本规定内所述承包经营是指合营企业与承包者通过订立承包经营合同，将合营企业的全部或部分经营管理权在一定期限内交给承包者，由承包者对合营企业进行经营管理。承包经营只是解决部分合营企业经营管理不善、严重亏损的补充措施。在承包经营期内，由承包者承担经营风险并获取部分合营企业的收益。
二、合营企业实行承包经营的条件
合营企业必须符合下列全部条件方可实行承包经营：
1、合营企业应是属于国家鼓励或允许的行业的项目。但属于国家重点项目，特别是能源和交通项目，不得实行承包经营。
2、中外合营者已经按合营合同如期如数出资并经过验资，确因经营管理不善而难以维持的合营企业。
三、承包者的资格
承包者应具备以下资格：
1、具备法人资格并已有3年以上经营活动的中国或外国的公司、企业；
2、与实行承包经营的合营企业属同类行业，并能提出切实解决该企业严重亏损及正常发展的具体方案；
3、能够向合营企业提供足够数额的风险抵押金或风险保证金保函。
四、承包经营的基本要求
1、承包经营可以采取公开招标方式确定承包者（即，董事会根据事先拟定的条件由合营企业公开招标）；也可以根据董事会决议由合营企业直接与承包者（可以是合营一方，也可以是第三方）签订承包经营协议。
2、承包经营不得改变合营企业的法人地位、名称和经营范围。
3、承包者是合营企业财产的经营管理者，应严格执行承包经营合同，接受合营企业董事会的监督。承包者对合营企业的财产无权行使任何形式的处置权，如，转让、变卖、转移、抵押、出租、赠送等。承包者应定期据实向合营企业董事会报送企业的财务报表。
4、承包经营期限一般为1至3年，最长不得超过5年。承包者应保证，承包经营期满时，合营企业能够扭亏为盈或经营状况有明显改善。
5、承包经营只能对合营企业的税后利润实行承包。承包双方应根据设立合营企业时的可行性报告中的有关指标及市场的实际情况确定承包期间的年利润基数。
6、承包经营期内，承包者须于每年第一季度内向合营企业提交承包经营风险保证金保函或风险抵押金。抵押金不得再另设担保，不得以合营者的出资作抵押。风险保证金、保函须以银行不可撤销、合营企业可以单方提款的形式提供。无论以哪种形式，其数额均不得低于当年承包利润总额的50％。
7、承包经营期间，承包者若以合营企业的名义贷款，须经董事会同意。承包经营期间，合营企业的负债余额不得超过当年承包利润的总额。
8、承包经营期间，合营企业仍应执行国家各项法律、法规和财务会计制度。
承包者所得承包收入应依法缴纳所得税。
承包经营的财务、会计、税务按财政税务部门的有关规定办理。
9、连续两年未按合同规定完成承包利润额的，除按合同规定，每年度结束后，合营企业收缴承包者的风险抵押金或按银行保函提取风险保证金，或按承包合同规定的赔偿额赔偿合营企业外，原审批机关可撤销对承包合同的批准，承包合同失效，承包关系自行解除，工商行政管理机关收缴承包经营登记证件，并办理合营企业的相应变更登记。
解除承包经营合同后，合营企业仍无法扭转严重亏损的，应依法律和合营合同的规定解散合营企业。
10、承包经营开始前，承包经营期内中止以及承包期满时，合营企业应进行清产核资，做好移交工作。清产核资应有中国注册会计师的验证方为有效。
五、承包合同
1、承包经营合营企业，必须由合营企业与承包者签订承包经营合同。不允许合营企业投资各方之间签订承包利润的合同。
2、承包合同应依照中国的有关法律订立，并应符合原合营企业合同的宗旨和原则，不得修改合营企业合同中与承包经营无关的条款。
3、承包经营合同中必须包括载有承包经营期限，承包者的权利和权限、义务和责任，承包经营的方式和内容，承包经营收益的分配方式，承包经营风险保证金、保函或风险抵押金，违约罚则，承包经营合同争议的解决方式，对承包经营前合营企业的亏损和／或债务的责任，清产核资的原则和移交程序、计价办法，承包的生产指标和利润额，技术更新指标，企业债务安全线，承包后对合营企业原有人员的安排、劳动管理、工资、福利、保险，以及在承包经营期内因执行承包合同而同其他公司、企业、个人等引起的纠纷由谁负责处理和承担责任等内容。
4、承包期间，承包者严重违反合同的，合营企业的董事会有权解除合同并要求承包者给以相应的经济补偿。
5、承包经营合同及其变更、延期、中止、终止均须经合营企业原审批机关批准。
六、承包经营的申请、审批与登记
1、申请承包经营，须由合营企业向原审批机关提出申请并报送下列文件：
（1）合营企业实行承包经营的申请报告；
（2）合营企业董事会关于实行承包经营的决议；
（3）经合营企业董事会批准的，由承包者提出的使企业扭亏为盈的具体措施的报告；
（4）承包者的合法开业证明、公司章程及最近3年的资产负债表；
（5）承包经营合同；
（6）原合营企业合同及可行性研究报告；
（7）主管部门、财政税务部门对该合营企业承包经营的意见；
（8）审批机关需要的其他有关文件。
2、审批机关自接到全部文件起30天内，根据本规定决定批准或者不批准。审批机关对承包经营合同中不合法或显属不公平之处，得要求限期修改，否则不予批准。
3、自审批机关发给合营企业批准承包经营的文件之日起30日内，持已交纳风险抵押金或风险保证金保函的证明到工商行政管理机关办理登记手续。30日内未办理工商登记手续，审批机关的批准自动失效。工商行政管理机关应自受理申请后30日内予以登记。
自工商行政管理机关签发登记证件之日起，计算承包经营期限。
承包经营的开业、变更、注销登记手续按工商行政管理机关的规定办理。
七、其他
1、现已实行承包经营的合资企业，应在本规定公布之日起90日内，补办承包经营的审批登记手续。已签订的承包经营合同，可参照本规定进行修订。逾期不补办审批登记手续的，审批机关和工商行政管理机关可联合责令合营企业和承包者停止承包经营合同，直至收缴合营企业执照，冻结承包者的利润，并由工商行政管理机关对合营企业和承包者予以处罚。
2、今后凡实行承包经营的合营企业及承包者隐瞒真实情况，不申请办理审批登记手续的，一经发现，审批机关和工商行政管理机关将依法对合营企业及承包者予以处罚。
3、中外合营企业委托外国企业经营管理的，仍执行国家工商行政管理局和对外经济贸易部于1988年6月11日发布的工商企字［1988］第98号《关于委托经营管理合营企业的外国（地区）企业审批登记问题的通知》。
4、中外合作经营企业的承包经营参照本规定办理。
5、本规定自公布之日起实施。
REGULATIONS FOR CONTRACTED OPERATION OF CHINESE-FOREIGN EQUITYJOINT VENTURES
(Promulgated on October 15, 1990)
Whole Doc.
The following regulations on contracted operation of Chinese-foreign
equity joint ventures (hereinafter referred to as joint ventures) are
aimed at guaranteeing the normal development of these enterprises.
Article 1 Definition of contracted operation
The contracted operation mentioned in these regulations is meant for
joint ventures which, by signing contracts, offer the whole or part of
their operational rights to contractors for a certain period of time while
those joint ventures are managed by the contractors. Such forms of
contracted operation are but supplementary measures to help those poorly
managed and loss-making joint ventures. During the contracting term, the
contractor takes on the risks of operation while gaining part of the joint
venture's profits.
Article 2 Requirements for contracted operation of joint ventures
A joint venture shall fulfill the following requirements to practice
contracted operation:
(1) That it is a project in an industry encouraged or permitted by
State policy. However, key state projects, those in energy or
communications in particular, shall not practice contracted operation.
(2) That the Chinese and foreign partners of the joint venture have
fully provided the investment required by contract and the payment has
been verified-but the joint venture is hardly likely to survive because of
poor management.
Article 3 Contractors' qualifications
A contractor must have the following qualifications:
(1) That it is a Chinese or foreign corporation or enterprise with
the qualification of a legal person, and has engaged in business operation
for at least 3 years;
(2) That is belongs to the same industry as the joint venture and can
work out a concrete plan to effectively help the business make up deficits
and return to normal development; and
(3) That it is able to provide adequate risk deposit and a
letter-of-guarantee for the risk-guaranty money.
Article 4 Basic requirements for contracted operation
(1) The contractor can be chosen through public bidding (i.e., the
joint venture conducts public bidding in accordance with the conditions
worked out by the board of directors); alternatively, the joint venture
can sign directly an agreement on contracted operation with the contractor
(either partner of the venture or a third party) in accordance with the
decision made by the board of directors.
(2) The legal-person status, name and business scope of the joint
venture shall not be changed because of contracted operation.
(3) As the operator and manager of the joint venture's property, the
contractor shall strictly carry out the contract and be under the
supervision of the venture's board of directors. The contractor has no
right to dispose of the joint venture's property, such as transfer,
selling off, removing, mortgaging, leasing or giving out as a present. The
contractor shall regularly submit factual financial reports to the joint
venture's board of directors.
(4) The contracting term is usually set at 1 to 3 years. The maximum
shall be no more than 5 years. The contractor shall see to it that the
joint venture becomes profitable or at least its performance is improved
remarkably when the contracting term expires.
(5) Contracting shall only cover the joint venture's after-tax
profits. Both parties to such contracts shall decide on the annual profit
during the contracting term base in accordance with relevant targets
defined in the feasibility study report worked out when the joint venture
was launched.
(6) During the contractual term the contractor shall, in the first
quarter of each year, submit to the joint venture risk guaranty money,
letter of guarantee or risk deposit. No securities shall be made for the
deposit, which shall not come from the investment by the joint venture's
partners. The risk guaranty money and the letter of guarantee shall be
irrevocable and unilaterally drawable to the joint venture. Whatever the
form the sum shall be not less than 50 percent of the contracted annual
profit.
(7) During the contracting term the contractor shall get approval
from the board of directors before applying for any loan in the name of
the joint venture. The debt of the joint venture during the contracting
term shall not exceed the total amount of the contracted profit for the
year.
(8) During the contracting term, the joint venture shall continue to
implement State laws, regulations and accounting rules.
In accordance with law, the contractor shall pay income tax on its
earnings from contracting.
The financial, accounting and tax affairs related to the contracted
operation shall be handled in accordance with relevant regulations adopted
by the financial and taxation departments.
(9) If the contractor fails, for two years in succession, to fulfill
contracted-profit obligations, besides the joint venture shall, at the end
of a fiscal year, take over the contractor's risk deposit or draw the risk
guaranty money according to the bank's letter of guarantee, or the
contractor shall pay for the loss according to contract, the examination
and approval authority may annual the approval. Consequently, the contract
shall cease to be in force, the contractual relationship shall
automatically be renounced, while the administration for industry and
commerce shall recall the certificate of registration for the contracted
operation and register the changed operational status of the joint
venture.
The joint venture shall be dissolved according to the law and the
joint venture contract if, after the contracted operation has ceased, the
venture still fails to change its loss-making situation.
(10) Before the contracted operation, and when the contracted
operation is terminated during the contracting term or when the
contracting term expires, the joint venture shall make an inventory of
property and capital and transfer management from one to another. The
inventory is valid only when it has been certified by accountants
registered in China.
Article 5 Contract on contracted operation
(1) To contract the operation of a joint venture, the contractor
shall sign a contract with the joint venture. Contracts on contracting
profit between partners of the venture are not permitted to sign.
(2) The contract shall be concluded in accordance with relevant
Chinese laws, in keeping with the purposes and principles of the original
contract of the joint venture and without changing the items of the
original contract that have nothing to do with the contracted operation.
(3) The contract shall include the contracting term, the rights and
restrictions on the rights, and duties and responsibilities of the
contractor, the form and content of the contracted operation, the
distribution pattern of income, risk guaranty money, letter of guarantee
and risk deposit, liability for breach of contract, ways to settle
disputes over contract, responsibilities on losses and/or debt owed by the
joint venture prior to the contracted operation, the principles of making
an inventory of property and capital and the transferring procedures as
well as the method of evaluating, production targets and profit, target
for technological upgrading, the debt safety line, the arrangements for
the workers of the joint venture, labour management, wages, welfare and
insurance, and the party which shall handle and be responsible for the
disputes with other corporations, enterprises and individuals in the
course of implementing the contract on contracted operation.
(4) If the contractor severely violates the contract during the
contracting term, the joint venture's board of directors has the right to
terminate the contract and demand corresponding compensation for loss from
the contractor.
(5) The revision, postponement, termination or expiration of the
contract shall be approved by the original authorities that approved the
joint venture.
Article 6 Application, examination and approval and registration of contracted operation
(1) The joint venture shall apply for contracted operation and submit
the following documents to the examination and approval authority:
((1)) An application on contracted operation of the joint venture;
((2)) The decision of the joint venture's board of directors on
contracted operation;
((3)) A report containing concrete measures to turn the joint venture
from loss-making to profitable, measures worked out by the contractor and
approved by the joint venture's board of directors:
((4)) The contractor's legal business license, articles of
association of the corporation, and a balance sheet covering the past 3
years operations;
((5)) The contract on contracted operation;
((6)) The original contract of the joint venture and report on
feasibility stu dies;
((7)) Opinions of the government department in charge and financial
and taxati on departments on contracted operation of the joint venture;
and
((8)) Other documents required by the examination and approval
authority.
(2) The examination and approval authority, within 30 days of
receiving all th e above-mentioned documents, shall decide to approve or
not approve the contracted operation in accordance with these regulations.
The authority shall, within a specified time, demand revision of illegal
or obviously unfair contents in the contract. Otherwise the application
shall not be approved.
(3) Within 30 days from the date when the examination and approval
authority issued documents of approval for the contracted operation, the
contractual parties shall, with the certificate on the delivery of risk
deposit or letter of guarantee and risk guaranty money, go through the
formalities of registration with the administration for industry and
commerce. The approval of the examination and approval authority shall
automatically cease to be effective if registration is not done in 30
days. The administration for industry and commerce shall handle
registration within 30 days of receiving the application.
The term of contracted operation begins from the date on which the
administration for industry and commerce issues registration documents.
The registration of the opening and alteration of contracted
operation and cancellation of registration shall be handled in accordance
with the regulations of the administration for industry and commerce.
Article 7 Supplementary rules
(1) Joint ventures which are already under contracted operation must,
within 90 days from the date these regulations are published,
retroactively go through procedures of the examination and approval and
registration for contractual operation. Contracts already concluded may be
revised by referring to these regulations. The joint ventures and
contractors who fail to retroact formalities within the time, may be
ordered jointly by the examination and approval authority and the
administration for industry and commerce to terminate their contract, and
even their business license of the joint venture may be taken over and the
contractor's profit may be frozen.
(2) The examination and approval authority and administration for
industry and commerce may penalize joint ventures and contractors who
conceal their contracted operations without applying for approval and
going through the registration formalities.
(3) The circular on the examination, approval and registration of
enterprises from foreign countries or regions entrusted to manage
Chinese-foreign joint ventures, published on July 11, 1988 by the State
Administration for Industry and Commerce and the Ministry of Foreign
Economic Relations and Trade is still valid for those joint ventures which
entrust foreign enterprises with management and administration.
(4) Contracted operators of Chinese-foreign contractual joint
ventures may refer to these regulations.
(5) These regulations goes into effect on the day of promulgation.
